Carpet weaving methods

1- Turkish weaving method (Turkish knot)

This method of weaving has been used more in the Turkic-speaking regions, Azerbaijan, Zanjan and part of Hamedan, and in some traditions it has been attributed to the Seljuk Turks. Because Turkish knot is woven with a hook and has symmetrical knots, it has better quality, durability and stability. In this method, small combs are used and the chelas are under strong tension.

The following are the advantages of this method:

1- Using a hook that makes the smallest hooked carpet woven with it. 2- The symmetry of the knots and their closure ensures more durability for delicate carpets. Due to the lack of use of Koji in the Turkish weaving method, it may be caused by excessive tension in the chelas and middle wefts. or increase in length. Since the Turkish combs do not have the weight of the Persian combs, they provide the necessary compression on the chela with continuous beating.

2- Persian weaving method (Persian knot)

This method has been popular mainly in the central and southern regions of Iran, including the cities of Qom, Isfahan, Yazd, Kerman, and the northeastern regions of Iran, including Khorasan and Gorgan, and generally in Persian-speaking regions. Although this method causes a lot of damage to the hand and body of the weaver due to the use of hands in the weaving, there is a high possibility that it will become obsolete, but the weavers still use this method and it includes a large part of the carpets produced in the country.

The following are the advantages of this method:

This method is mostly used for the weaving of large and medium carpets, and due to the use of thicker and more dense wefts, it has more strength and longevity. One of the best types of this carpet for covering use is the Kashan carpet, which includes about 30-35 knots.

In this method, due to the use of Koji, wefting is easier and it is easier to control the curvature and shrinkage on the sides of the carpet.

The weaving speed is faster and higher in this method.

The disadvantages of this method include the following:

Creating a lesion in the weaver's hand and body.

Using heavy combs to beat the weft, especially in fine-textured carpets, which damages the structure of the carpet.

The texture of small patterned carpets is hard.

3- The looseness of the threads along the entire length of the tissue.

Just as warp and weft are used in fabric weaving, the main skeleton is warp and weft in carpet weaving. The warp is the threads that are first installed in parallel threads on the carpet weaving machine. This action is performed by the chelekash. During the weaving of the carpet, the weft is passed by the weaver, so pulling the weft or running the weft is to mount, drop or turn a certain number of threads on the carpet for weaving the carpet. All these steps are done by one or two people. The barrel maker wraps the threads on the horizontal or upper and lower columns, which are called Sardar and Zidar. The draftsman must master all types of maps and be able to read them.

Chalehkesh is an accountant who, knowing the map of the carpet, calculates the number of threads and their type, and the length and width of the carpet; and provides appropriate solutions when technical problems occur.

Chelekashi is divided into two ways according to the place of weaving and weaving traditions:

Persian trickery

First, the chele threads are wrapped around two nails fixed on the ground, and then they are transferred to the gallows.

Turkish trap

In this method, two workers, one at the top and the other at the bottom of the carpet weaving machine, throw the balled yarn of the chele to two sides and wrap it regularly around the sardar and zidar bars (around the chele). Although this method takes more time, it is more accurate and orderly and gives a satisfactory result. After finishing the work, they put a row of chains on the threads of the chele. The chain is a type of crochet that is done on four threads each time, and in addition to the beauty and order of the edge of the carpet, it prevents the knots from moving on the thread.

tying

The meat or the main part of the carpet, which is created by the knots on the carpet threads. These knots are short threads of wool or silk that are wrapped around two opposite threads and tied. Based on the appearance of nodes, they are divided into two types, symmetric and asymmetric.

Symmetric knot

A short piece of wool or silk thread that is wound around a pair of warps and drawn through them. Other names of this type of weave: Ghordes knot.

Carpets woven with this knot: weaving cracks.

Application: mostly in the house of the weavers of Eilat Qashqai - Bakhtiari - Shahson - Afshar - Kurds.

Asymmetric knot

A thread of wool or silk covers two threads of chela in such a way that this thread of wool or silk wraps a full circle around one thread and a half circle around the other thread.

It is a little difficult to distinguish the type of knot in a woven carpet. In finely woven carpets, it is possible to identify the type of knot with a magnifying glass. In any case, to identify the type of knot, the carpet should be folded along the wefts to the back side so that its interior can be seen. If the loop of the knot is not clearly visible and the lint grows like a bunch of grass next to the wefts, and the thread and the weft can be seen in a straight line between the two rows of knots, it is a Persian knot type. If the loop of the knot is clearly visible around the pile and the weft thread is in the form of a jagged line, the knot is a Turkish type. The higher the number of carpet knots per surface unit, the higher the quality and strength of the carpet and the better its design and plan.

The number of knots varies according to the type of carpet per surface unit. In ten-woven and Iliati carpets, their number is usually less, and in fine urban carpets, their numbers are sometimes around one million knots per square meter. Whenever during wefting and weaving, for any reason, the thickness of the wefts and cream of the carpet changes, or the weaver changes, or the pile density increases or decreases, problems such as lifting and lowering are found, or in other words, the rug loses its centrality and It moves.

Classification of carpets according to the number of knots per surface unit:

· Coarse woven carpets: 360 to 500 knots per square meter.

· Semi-coarse woven carpets: 500 to 1000 knots per square meter.

· Carpets with medium texture: 10,000 to 2,000 knots per square meter.

· Semi-fine carpets: 2000 to 3250 knots per square meter.

· Fine carpets: 3250 to 5000 knots per square meter.

· Extra fine carpets: 5000 to 10000 knots per square meter.

· Exceptional carpets with silk roots: more than 10,000 knots per square meter.

Carpet weaving

First, a row of ropes is filled with knots and their strength is ensured, then wefting is done on the network of threads. A string of thread, known as the weft, is passed through the threads of the carpet and placed on the knots. According to the taste of the weaver and the type of carpet, the type of weft can be of different materials such as: cotton, wool or silk and have different colors. Wefts make the woven parts cohesive and unifying and connect the knots in the interior of the carpet. After passing the wefts, the knots are pressed downwards with a special comb and they are beaten until they are completely embedded in the carpet. After weaving several rows of the carpet, he picks the roots evenly with special scissors. After finishing the weaving of the carpet, if necessary, a few centimeters are woven into a rug and the carpet is separated from the hanger by arranging the threads at the desired distance, then it is placed on the ground or a flat cylinder and it is polished. Payment operations in some cities such as Tehran and Kerman are performed by special electric machines. If the piles of the carpet are too short after weaving, so that the piles are not felt when touching with the hand, the value of the carpet has been damaged and it is called underlay or short pile. Grinding is another action that is sometimes performed on the carpet. With this, the scales of the wool fibers are completely polished, the extra colors on the fibers are removed, and the carpet becomes velvety and silky.